Kaisuuken, a Cost-effective Commuter Train Ticket in Japan

Coupon ticket is known in Japanese as Kaisuuken, written in Japanese as 回数券（かいすうけん）. I heard about this type of ticket option from Mr. Shimizu, who is one of my colleagues, when I discussed with him my recent changes in work place for two days in a week. 

For the past four years I have been commuting between Kiba and Higashi Ojima. Monthly Pasmo card is cost-effective if the work place is same for all working days. For some reasons, for some people, there may be more than one work place in a week. In my case, it happened to be three days in Sakura, Chiba prefecture and two days in Kiba, Tokyo. Usually, Japanese companies pay for the commutation charges biannually. Employees can claim the travel expenses for any additional travel such as domestic business trips and travels based on company's request. 

Until now, Pasmo card charged for 6 months was very useful, convenient and cheap. If the same Pasmo card is used for three days a week, I will end up using the card for 12 days in a month, but need to charge it as usual. Pasmo cards are cheaper than daily tickets if one commute at least 16 days a week. For a typical salaryman in Japan, Pasmo card is cheap and cost-effective, but not anymore in my case. That was the reason for the discussion with my colleague to explore another ticket options. 

Kaisuuken is very useful ticket option when you have a walking habit. Many people have the habit of walking to the office and back home weekly twice or thrice depending on the climate. 6 months or 3 months charged Pasmo card will not be good option if you have this walking habit. 

Kaisuuken written in Katakana as ｶｲｽｳｹﾝ is a bunch of tickets, typically eleven numbers that we can buy from ticket vending machines at any station. Pay for ten tickets and get one ticket free! For example, if we pay 300 Yen for one ticket, we will get eleven tickets for 3000 Yen. If you walk back home from office at least two days a week and use Kaisuuken, you are going to save something around 3000 Yen/month.   

Kaisuuken has expiry periods. So, pay attention to the number of tickets while doing a bulk purchase.

The inconvenient point is the storage of these tickets safely in our bag. The railway companies in Japan has a solution for this too. They provide a small envelope to keep these tickets.

Charged Pasmo cards are useful when we need to travel multiple times between same points. The money you may save out of this habit will not be significant, but can buy an ice cream or coffee once in a while.

Continuing Agonies of Kumamoto

The God Kashima let the Namazu move and thrash the Kumamoto prefecture. As we were watching NHK News on Saturday morning that showed devastated landscapes, fresh alerts of aftershocks started appearing on the screen. This time, Namazu's chosen playground was in the Kyushu Islands. Scores of people have been buried alive by Namazu's foul play. Scores of people were feared buried alive after two powerful quakes hit Kumamoto Prefecture in Kyushu that killed at least 37 people (officially).

To add more pain to the wounds, a storm is also forecasted in the region. Seismologists predict an eastward movement of the tectonic activities, injecting fears in the minds of people living in the Kansai and Kanto regions. The Kumamoto earthquake is the biggest in the history of earthquakes in Japan after the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011. Though there were drills and training to face an impending earthquake given by the school, we did once again insist our kids be mentally strong to stand in times of difficulties.

Kumamoto is in real trouble now. NHK footage of the collapsed buildings, eroded valleys of Mount Aso, and people in shelter houses shows only a glimpse of the biggest disaster in the country after 2011. Rain with strong wind has also started in the area, threatening the rescue operations. The Japan Meteorological Agency said the quake, which struck at 1:25 a.m. Saturday in Kumamoto Prefecture, had a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale and originated at a depth of 12 kilometers.

Reporters of NHK News and News 24 channels have been trying their best to cover the disaster-hit areas. Houses, roads, and railway lines were swept away when huge hillsides collapsed and tons of mud were dislodged by the tremors. Buildings were reduced to rubble, taking dozens of lives unaccounted for over a wide area. Some villages in the valleys of Kumamoto were completely cut off by landslides and damage to roads. The NHK news said that at least 1,000 people believed trapped in one of such isolated areas.

The possibility of an eruption of the nearby volcano is adding to the worries and was discussed in the channel. Mount Aso in Kumamoto Prefecture is the largest active volcano in Japan. There is one nuclear power plant located in the southwest direction of the epicenter of Saturday's quake but was unaffected so far.

The demons are restless and hungry. What people can do is pray to the gods to control these demons. The Japanese myth says the cause of earthquakes is the giant catfish Namazu that lives in the underground. Namazu is one of the monster creatures of Japanese mythology and folklore that brings misfortune or disasters. Namazu moves his tail and shakes the entire earth. Namazu loves to play with his tail and cause trouble to bring disasters. The God Kashima can only control Namazu's evil doings. People living on the earth are indebted to the God Kashima as he keeps the earth's surface from moving. Unfortunately, Kashima gets tired sometimes or gets distracted from his duty. By taking this opportunity, Namazu moves a bit, and his movements cause the tremors.

Even now the aftershocks are continuing in Kumamoto and its surroundings. If the Gods do not act in time to control the demon, his movements will get transferred to other parts of the country.

Cross-Border Marriages on the Rise in Japan

Has Japan started shedding its obsession with a homogeneous racial society? If data from government records and the news reports can be taken into account, there are indications towards a growing number of cross-border marriages. Government data released recently says that one in every twenty-nine babies born in Japan in 2014 had at least one foreign parent.

The population data compiled by the Health, Labor, and Welfare Ministry reveals that out of the 1.02 million babies born in 2014, approximately 35,000 babies had at least one non-Japanese parent. Discussions are going on on one side about the declining interest of Japanese youngsters in the institution of the family. 

The Japanese government is trying to encourage reproduction in the country at a time when the Japanese population recorded a negative growth by losing almost one million people in the last five years. The declining population has its great impact on industrial growth. Japan is a country that almost entirely depends on its manpower and technology. An increasing number of interracial marriages hints at a growing number of foreigners in Japan.

Traditional Japanese society has a conservative attitude towards cross-border marriages. Japanese people judge cross-border marriages as either "marriage up" or "marriage down.". This is what I could understand from the discussions with local friends so far. This "marriage up" and "marriage down" thing and attitude is highly prejudiced. Japanese society looks down on some countries while they place high regard for some countries.  If I elaborate more on this subject, it would not do any good to the readers. Common sense may please be applied to guess about “Marriage up” and “Marriage down” or just Google.

A surrealistic short story, "Missing Heels," written by Yoko Tawada, tells the story of a Japanese woman who traveled to a European country to live with the husband she has yet to meet face to face. Though the story is about the mail-order bride, it reveals pretty well the preferences that Japanese women who seek interracial marriage keep while searching for their life partner. The story also tells us about the upward mobility of women when seeking partners from other countries. Economic equations are changing now, and China and South Korea have also achieved, to some extent, the status of developed countries, or, at least, a considerable percentage of the population can afford rich lifestyles materialistically.

A working paper named “Brides for Sale: Cross-Border Marriages and Female Immigration” submitted to Harvard Business School by Daiji Kawaguchi and Soohyung Lee also studies the increasing cross-border marriages and migration of brides from developing countries in East Asia to the developed countries such as Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, and Korea. Their study reveals the fact that a large number of women migrate as brides from developing countries to developed countries in East Asia, a phenomenon the researchers say did not exist in the early 1990s. They also found that foreign brides currently comprise 4 to 35 percent of newlyweds in these developed Asian countries. This paper argues that two factors account for this rapid increase in “bride importation”: the rapid growth of women's educational attainment and a cultural norm that leads to a low net surplus of marriage for educated women in their homeland.

Apart from the above-stated “intentional migration by marriage or for marriage,” cross-border marriages happen at workplaces, where foreigners work with Japanese nationals. In such workplaces, Japanese and foreigners get chances to know each other well, similar to the love marriages between two Japanese nationals. I know many foreigners married to Japanese and leading happy lives either in Japan or in another country.

The percentage of babies of cross-border parents in 2014 was 3.07 percent, which is close to the record high of 3.44 percent in 2008. With the percentage trending higher over the long term, 1.7 percent in 1990 and 2.6 percent in 1995. It is predicted that the proportion could rise even higher if more foreigners come to Japan as guest workers through deregulation of work visa rules.

By nationality, Chinese nationals accounted for the largest number of foreign-born fathers of babies born in 2014. Koreans accounted for the second-largest and Americans the third-largest number of foreign-born fathers. Chinese nationals accounted for the largest group of mothers, while Filipinos constituted the second largest group, followed by Koreans. The study has included the second generation of Chinese and Koreans as well.

The trend indicates increasing business opportunities in sectors such as education. Japan has been witnessing a surge in the number of international schools and universities to cater to the needs of international communities.  Local governments in such prefectures as Shizuoka, Aichi, and Mie take steps to ensure such children enroll in schools and provide special language training. International school is the choice when either of the parents is on a short-term work visa status in Japan.

Is Japan Safe for Foreigners?

It was not the first time when I heard a hate speech in front of the south exit of JR Moto-Yawata station yesterday. I had paid attention in the past too to such venomous talk against foreigners belonging to certain countries. A man clad in a black dress standing in front of a black-colored wagon holding a microphone in his hand was the source of the xenophobic talk in Moto Yawata station.

On the way from Sakura, Chiba Prefecture, I was reading an article in the online edition of 'Japan Today' that boasted the efforts of Japanese authorities to show the measures they have taken to convince foreigners about the safety in Japan. Yes, Japan is safe for foreigners compared to many other countries. I have hundreds of personal experiences in the past eight years to prove beyond doubt that Japan is safe in many ways, not only for locals but for foreigners too.

I slowed down to understand more about the reasons for his talk. He was talking about the claims made by China over the Senkaku Islands, and people from such countries enjoy their stay here....and he was getting more fire in him as he proceeded. People going out of the station seldom paid attention to his speech. Nobody bothered to pause to hear him. He was full of pride in the past glory of Japan and expressed his anxiety and concerns over the lost sovereign authority. It seemed to me that the things he uttered would not do any good to Japan. He was just polluting the air.

The Japanese government has also been monitoring the hate speech in the country and had released the results of the survey it conducted. The survey conducted for the first time in Japan analyzed the rallies held by the anti-foreign ultraconservative and nationalist groups in the period between April 2012 and September 2015. The authorities analyzed online videos recorded at the demonstrations, as well as other means, including collecting information on calls for gatherings from websites of xenophobic groups.

Leading newspapers in Japan carried the survey results that show violent slogans such as “Get the hell out of Japan,” etc., were repeated frequently. The majority of those rallies were held to protest against certain political issues. Some of those issues included the abduction of Japanese nationals by North Korea and territorial disputes with China and Korea. Two Koreas and China were the main targets of the verbal abuse by xenophobic groups.

Yes, it is a fact that incidents such as the one I came across at the south exit of Moto-Yawata station happen here, but Japan remains a safe haven for foreigners. Unlike in other countries, such hate speeches rarely take violent, aggressive forms here. Xenophobic rallies are also becoming less common in Japan. So, the conclusion is: Japan is safe for foreigners, and the local people are friendly and helpful to foreigners.

Do We Need to Prepare for an Earthquake and Tsunami?

March 11. Woke up as usual. While sipping black coffee and watching television in the morning, my little daughter asked about the cause of the tsunami that happened on March 11, 2011. I tried to explain to her that the tsunami on March 11 happened due to the earthquake in the Pacific Ocean. 

Many questions followed when my elder daughter also joined the question panel. Almost 30 minutes of question-and-answer games in the morning itself! Then the final question came: Will it happen again, and do we need to prepare for it?

Reached the office, worked, and returned back home as usual. Nobody talked about March 11 at the workplace. The day was just like any other day. Some offices might have observed a silent prayer time. Newspapers were full of reports from various corners about how NGOs approached commemorating the devastating earthquake and tsunami that happened five years ago and paid homage to the departed souls. At schools, students observed a minute of silence at 2:46 p.m. There was no difference for the March 11 for an average Japanese person at workplaces, or they simply did not show it in public.

'Japan Times' and 'Japan Today' had reported that millions of people were expected to observe a moment of silence at 2:46 p.m. in Japan as the country marks the fifth anniversary of the March 2011 quake and tsunami that devastated coastal areas of the Tohoku region. As per the official records, the disaster killed 19,304 and left an additional 2,561 lives still unaccounted until today. This year's homage to the victims of March 11 was highlighted by the growing agitation among the public against nuclear power. 

The prime minister, Mr. Abe, went to the extent of issuing a statement in parliament that it was impossible for Japan to remain at the status of an industrialized nation without nuclear power. For a country like Japan, where natural resources are limited, nuclear power is indispensable. The government accelerates the process to reactivate the 42 commercial reactors that were shut down after the nuclear crisis followed by the March 11 tsunami.

Whether nuclear power could be totally eliminated or not should be discussed after developing alternative energy sources powerful enough to feed industries and urban life. I am not a supporter of nuclear power, but I understand and believe in a simple fact: we need powerful energy sources to enhance the life conditions. Removal of nuclear energy could be possibly done after making sure the capabilities of alternative energy sources. If the government is convinced the alternative energy sources can support industries and urban life, then go ahead. The March 11 anniversary comes as around 174,000 evacuees from disaster-hit areas are still living outside their damaged hometowns. Is this what the nuclear energy could do to the uplifting of human life?

Out of the 174,000 evacuees from the tsunami-hit areas, around 43,000 are from Fukushima. Fukushima is the prefecture where TEPCO's No. 1 nuclear power plant was wrecked by the March 11 tsunami. Yesterday, the Japanese government issued a statement (Japan today reported this news today) that the restoration of housing infrastructures had been almost finished. Most of the houses have been built by the residents or supported by the volunteers. This is something remarkable and unique to Japan. Houses in coastal areas have been built at high places to avoid possible tsunamis in the future.

The Japanese government expects another big earthquake and tsunami in the near future. Preparations have been continuously done by various agencies to educate people to remain alert and practice safe evacuation procedures. 

At home, we conducted a check on the Earthquake Emergency Kit. Opened the kit and replaced some clothes with the new ones, refilled the food section of the kit with new food items. Well-packed and sealed food items have longer expiry dates, but still it is highly recommended to replace them with new ones once in a while. Children were excitedly engaged in the replacing activity at home. When reminded about the question in the morning, our little daughter told us, "Don't take it seriously; I just asked.".

There is a moment in transcendental meditation where we feel eternity. I don't remember exactly the quote Swami Vivekananda used to explain the eternal moments, which is something like, "The heart of this moment is eternal.". I have totally forgotten the context in which he used this proverb, but I still remember the essence of his explanation. He used it to explain the eternity one achieves during meditation. There are many interpretations of this quote. Live in this moment. Why do we worry about the past when we cannot go back and change it? Why do we worry about the future when we cannot go forward and change it? So, be in this moment and live it to its fullest. After all, who knows what happens in the next moment! What we can do as human beings is to prepare for the worst and pray for the best.

Why is the Japanese Population Declining?

Recent newspaper reports suggest declining population of Japan. In fact, the reports indicating the lower birth rates and declining population has been in the air for a while, but for the first time, there was an official declaration from the Japanese census bureau that Japan’s population has reached a 95 year low. This is simply alarming to an industrial nation like Japan.

I do not intend to plunge deeper into the causes of population decline in Japan. There may be multiple reasons why the population is going down, ranging from low birth rates attributed to reduced interest of people to lead married life, the decision of couples living without children, loss of interest in family affairs, increasing living costs to afford and accommodate children, the availability of alternative gratification means in the market, etc. The list can go longer citing social, economic, biological and anthropological reasons.

Whatever be the cause, Japan has lost almost one million of its people. This has been the sharpest decline recorded in the last 95 years. Japan’s official census started in the 1920s, and the census bureau says the loss of one million happened during the 2010-2015 period. Hot discussions are going on bulletin boards about why the Japanese population is declining and why young Japanese people do not have the interest in the institution of the family. Some even go to the extent of discussing declining interest in real-life sex in the country and increasing choice for sex dolls.

Economists fear that the decline in population spells trouble for the world’s most indebted economy. While the declining population helps the migrants from other countries to find jobs in Japan, it affects badly the domestic consumption and growth. If it goes unchecked, the United Nations warns that Japan will lose 83 million more people by 2100, with more than 35 percent of people aged more than 65 years.

I was reading the Shinto mythology recently and came across an interesting piece of the challenge made between the God Izanagi and Goddess Izanami. They were the first couple descended from heaven to create Japan and the rest of the world. After the death of Izanami and her subsequent transition to the world of the dead called Yomi, Izanagi tried to bring his wife back to life but failed. (Read the whole story of Izanagi and Izanami here). At the end of their argument, Izanami told her she would take 1000 lives every day. For this, Izanagi gave a fitting reply that he will give birth to 1500 lives every day. This was the reason for the population increase in Japan and the rest of the world.

Izanami is not taking more life from Japan. The aging population is increasing, but the younger population is decreasing, indicating lower birth rates. The reason is clear. Izanagi needs to keep up his promise.

Hike in Consumption Tax and its Effect on Cost of Living in Japan

The Japanese economy has been shrinking, and it showed negative growth this year for the third consecutive year. One of the reasons attributed to this phenomenon is reduced spending in the market by consumers. Government authorities blame this on the global economy, which is sluggish and has been uncertain for the past many years. Since the Lehman collapse, the global economy perspectives have never been promising. In an effort to bring up the Japanese economy, the government has devalued the yen manually, which helped the exporters to make more profit. How these measures helped the economy is still under debate, as there should always be a trade-off between the imports and exports.

It is a fact that ever since the government hiked the consumption tax from 5 percent to 8 percent, many people have started putting control on their spending. This control over spending in the market has created less money flow from consumers, the direct impact of which has been visible in the form of shrinking the domestic business. People are more cautious now as they expect one more hike in the consumption tax, which is due in April 2017. The government had delayed the hike, which was supposed to get implemented in October 2015. The consumption tax is 8 percent now, which will be raised to 10 percent. To compensate for the effects of the tax hike, the government has been putting pressure on companies to increase the wages of employees. Many Japanese companies have taken a conservative approach to the increase in salary. Salary has not been increased up to the expectation of economic policy makers.

The practical effects of a consumption tax hike are like this:

Prior to April 2014, if a consumer bought furniture having a displayed price of 100,000 Yen, the consumer had to pay 105,000 Yen.

Now in 2016, if that consumer buys that furniture having a displayed price of 105,000 Yen, then he has to pay 108,000 Yen.

Expected after April 2017: 110,000 yen for that same furniture.

Effectively, there would be an increase of 5,000 yen for that same furniture. But in practical things, it won’t work that simply. The manufacturer has to increase the price of that item since he has to increase the salary of his employees. The shop owner needs to increase the price of the furniture as he also needs to increase the salary of his employees. Overall, the buyer may need to pay something around 115,000 yen, which is an increase of 10,000 yen.

For example, an average person, who used to spend something around 300,000 yen per month in 2014, needs to pay 330,000 yen a month for living. His salary might have increased by around 20,000 yen during these periods. For him, there is only one way to adjust his earnings-spending-savings, and that is reducing the spending. The government needs to focus on real causes of economic growth, such as shrinking population and increasing the aging population. 

When the Japanese government increased the consumption tax from 5 percent to 8 percent on April 1, 2014, it was the first hike after seventeen years. The second phase of the hike from 8 percent was expected in October 2015 but delayed. The government stepped up the tax to cover the rising social welfare costs, which is attributed to the aging population in the country. Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world, and the recent population survey revealed that the Japanese population has decreased. Japan has the world’s highest ratio of elderly to young people, a fact that raises serious concern about the country’s economic growth.

Americans Reject Sin-Stained Products

Every product or food that passes through the hands of exploited laborers, be it from any part of the globe, will have the wetness of their sufferings. Giving an opportunity to sell those products in the United States is also a kind of encouraging those exploiters. The United States does not want to encourage such exploiters. This is what President Barack Obama did when he signed a bill on this Wednesday that includes a provision banning U.S. imports of some of those products. 

Fish caught by slaves in Southeast Asia, gold mined by children in Africa, and garments sewn by abused women in Bangladesh are just some examples. Child labor and bonded labor are still prevalent in many societies. While the West was successful in eliminating this evil to an appreciable level, many countries in Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe are still struggling. The profit-hungry owners employ exploited workers, bonded slaves, and children in manufacturing locations. Even in this 21st century, exploitation is continuing. The United States is now closing a loophole in an 85-year-old tariff law that has failed to keep products of forced and child labor out of America.

Exploitation is a social evil still prevalent in our society. In one way or another, a section of society is made submissive in order to subject them to exploitation. American history was not different. Exploitation and discrimination were at their peak in American society. The colonial rulers and their followers had done enough sin to the generations of Native Americans and people from African countries. 

The stains of the slave trade are still visible on the walls. The great thing is that the United States could evolve as a matured society to show or lead other nations. American society was able to correct the mistakes and come out of the sin that was done by their ancestors. U.S. customs law banning imports of items produced by forced or child labor had gone largely unenforced until now. U.S. law allowed importers to buy things regardless of how they were produced. With the new law implemented, importers cannot find the loophole to justify demand by importing products without verifying the origin. 

Legislation all over the world prohibits child labor and exploited labor, but in practice, it is not implemented. Exploited labor has existed to varying extents through most of the history in every civilization. Before World War II, many children worked in agriculture, home-based industries, factories, and the mining industry in countries including Europe and the American continents. The passage of strict laws helped to reduce child labor in Europe and North America, some East Asian countries, etc., but nothing much changed in Africa and South and Southeast Asian countries. High poverty levels and poor school accessibility are said to be some reasons for child labor. However, exploitation, atrocities towards women, and bonded labor are also high in these countries.

The social evil of exploitation of children in the labor market has been reducing globally, thanks to the efforts made by governments and NGOs. Over the past fifty years, child labor has decreased from 25 percent to 10 percent, but still around 168 million children are involved in child labor worldwide, according to UNICEF.

When child labor was common in Europe, certain cultural beliefs rationalized child labor and encouraged it. Many people thought that work is necessary for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures parents inherit a particular trade to their children. In those cultures, child labor was a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. That is a different side of the story. 

Forced or exploited labor by children is a social evil. In Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, child labor is a serious problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labor across the world for most of human history. They suggest that the causes of child labor include both the demand and the supply side. By rejecting the sin-stained products, the new U.S. law is going to put control on the demand side.

Be Careful When You Bite a Chocolate

BBC reports today that the U.S.-based confectionery company Mars has ordered a recall of their chocolate products in 55 countries after one customer in Germany claimed to have found pieces of plastic in a Snickers bar he bought. The plastic was traced back to the Mars factory in the southern town of Veghel in the Netherlands. As a quick face-saving measure, the confectionery giant decided to call back many of its products. Fun-size Mars, Milky Way bars, and boxes of Celebrations are affected in the UK. In the Netherlands, Mars and Snickers bars were also affected.

The American chocolate company Mars, Incorporated was started in 1932 in Slough, Buckinghamshire, in the United Kingdom. The company has 29 chocolate brands, including M&M's, Galaxy, Twix, Bounty, and Maltesers. It also makes Wrigley gum, Uncle Ben's Rice, Dolmio pasta sauce, and Pedigree pet food. Mars is one of the largest privately owned businesses in the US and had global sales of US$33 billion last year.

Mars chocolates are popular in Japan. It was just two days before we bought a mini packet of MilkyWay brand Mars chocolate produced at their Australian factory. As per reports, the company recalls chocolates mainly from European countries and is not sure at this moment whether Japan is also included in that list. Japan is one of the chocolate-loving countries.

On Valentine's Day, girls and women give chocolates to boys and men in Japan. Valentine's Day in Japan is not limited to lovers. Even children make gift cards to present to their parents and loved ones. Japan had adopted and customized this Western festival to suit their culture. Presenting chocolates to the loved ones is almost a custom in Japan on Valentine's Day. Chocolate sales shoot up in February compared to other months.

Japan is one of the largest consumers of chocolates. Many Japanese people are a kind of addicted to chocolates such as Nestle Mini Kitkat, Pocky from Glico, Bourbon Alfort Mini Chocolate, Lotte Almond Chocolate, Lotte Ghana Milk Chocolate, etc., to mention a few that come to mind. These chocolates are popular and loved and in most demand in Japan. In every supermarket and convenient shops you can see a wide variety of chocolates, showing the demand for chocolate in Japan.

The sales value of chocolate in 2015 was estimated at around US$3.5 billion in Japan. The growth in chocolate consumption in Japan has been supported by the growing awareness about the health benefits of chocolate. There are some scientific research reports stating that the polyphenol in cacao contains a fine balance of minerals, such as calcium, iron, and magnesium, that are effective in reducing blood pressure, preventing arteriosclerosis, and minimizing the level of stress and the effects of allergy and rheumatism. Consumer awareness about the health benefits of chocolate has significantly increased after being promoted by Japanese educational and entertainment television programs.

The recall only involved products manufactured at the Dutch plant. It covers most countries in Europe and does not extend to the US, where Mars is based. Japanese chocolate lovers are watching the steps and damage control measures the company is taking. Japanese consumers are highly quality conscious, and they expect maximum value for their spending, even if it is for a chocolate. For sure, they won't spend to get a plastic bite. Chocolate lovers in Japan too will be careful for a few days while biting chocolate.

Open Defecation is a War Against Society

There was a catchy news story from India about a 104-year-old woman from a village in Chhattisgarh's Dhamtari district who sold her goats to construct toilets at her home. The most amazing thing is that the prime minister of India, Narendra Modi, in a function, touched her feet as a sign of respect.

It must be inspiring news for all Indians. Prime Minister Modi went to the extent of telling the media persons to write about her instead of writing about him. Keep away all the politics; this very act of Prime Minister Modi is really appreciable. We must learn to keep politics away when dealing with the social issues in our country. I may have different political views that may not match with those of the current ruling party in India. That should not limit me from appreciating them when they do good activities. The moment I restrict myself from appreciating good things even if they are done by my political rivals, I think that would be the height of my intolerance.

Real changes are happening in Indian society. The woman's initiative to build toilets encouraged other villagers to follow her, and they also constructed toilets. The Prime Minister felicitated Kunwar Bai from Kotabharri village of Dhamtari for her efforts to make her village open defecation free.

Open defecation is one of the greatest concerns that modern India faces. With almost 40 percent illiteracy, it is hard to educate the importance of cleanliness and hygiene to a majority of Indians. Open defecation is not only limited to the rural areas in India. The busiest financial capital of the country, Mumbai is notorious for people defecating in open air. 

The issue of open defecation may have a direct relation with education and poverty, but it is not the only reason, at least in India. People having enough money also do not give priority to constructing toilets while constructing homes. Because they find that there is an alternative choice to attend the call of nature. Open defecation is a crime against society rather than an individual's right to enjoy the communication with nature.

There is a biased perception in the Western countries, especially about India, that Indians eat in private rooms and defecate in public. I have heard many black jokes about open defecation in India. Some years back, the BBC had reported about combating open defecation in India and the desperate fact that the dedicated groups working to eradicate this social evil are also losing their war.

The southern state of Kerala is one of the most highly educated places in India. Still, open defecation is an issue of concern in rural areas of Kerala. I remember participating in a campaign organized by Sastra Sahitya Parishad (an NGO promoting scientific awareness in the society) during school days to bring awareness to people about the importance of making toilets in their homes. We marched through villages at night, shouting slogans such as "At least one toilet in each home." That movement could raise awareness at least to some people, and we noticed an increasing activity of constructing toilets in our village.

As the prime minister reiterated, the media should concentrate on highlighting the importance of the initiative taken by Kunwar Bai. Media can influence the public to a great extent. They just need to focus on the development of the country rather than just going behind political rivalries and paid news by business corporates. Media do not need to devote full time to social issues but should not neglect them fully. 

Open defecation is a war against society. Open defecation poses a serious threat to society and public health because it can pollute drinking water sources. This pollution may result in the transmission of illnesses like cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Studies have proved that human excreta that are infected harbor various harmful organisms linked to multiple health issues. One gram of contaminated human waste can harbor a range of microbes, including 106 pathogenic viruses and infectious virions, 106–108 bacterial pathogens, 103 protozoan cysts, and 10–104 helminth eggs.

We should not lose in the war. The prime minister's initiative to make India clean is the best chance to mobilize all forces to drive away this ignorance and win our war.